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<b>Austria</b> {{Audio-IPA}} ({{Audio-de}}), officially the <b>Republic of Austria</b> (<a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>: {{Audio}}), is a <a href="Landlocked" title="landlocked">landlocked</a> country of roughly 8.3 million people<sup id="_ref-Population_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Population" title="">[1]</a></sup> in <a href="Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>. It borders both <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> to the north, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> and <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> to the east, <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> to the south, and <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> to the west. The territory of Austria covers {{convert}}, and is influenced by a <a href="Temperateness" title="Temperateness">temperate</a> and <a href="Alpine_climate" title="alpine climate">alpine climate</a>. Austria's terrain is highly mountainous due to the presence of the <a href="Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>; only 32% of the country is below {{convert}}, and its highest point is {{convert}}.<sup id="_ref-CIA_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup> The majority of the population speaks <a href="German_language" title="German language">German</a>,<sup id="_ref-Language_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Language" title="">[3]</a></sup> which is also the country's official language.<sup id="_ref-Britannica_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Britannica" title="">[4]</a></sup> Other local official languages are <a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>, <a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and <a href="Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>.<sup id="_ref-CIA_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup></p> 
<p>The origins of Austria date back to the time of the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> when a <a href="Celts" title="Celts">Celtic</a> kingdom was conquered by the Romans in approximately 15 BC, and later became <a href="Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>, a <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a>, in the mid <a href="1st_century" title="1st century">1st century</a> AD<sup id="_ref-Noricum_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Noricum" title="">[5]</a></sup>—an area which mostly encloses today's Austria. In 788 AD, the <a href="Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> king <a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> conquered the area, and introduced <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. More recently, the <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> formed a <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">monarchic union</a> with the <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in 1867—creating <a href="Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Austria–Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a>, also known as the Austro-Hungarian Empire—which ended in 1918 with the closure of <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. After establishing the <a href="First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> in 1919 Austria was de facto annexed into Greater Germany by the Nazi regime in the so-called <a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> in 1938.<sup id="_ref-Britannica_Anschluss_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Britannica_Anschluss" title="">[6]</a></sup> This lasted until the end of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, after which Austria was <a href="Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">occupied by the Allies</a>. In 1955, the <a href="Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> re-established Austria as a sovereign state, ending the occupation. In the same year, the <a href="Parliament_of_Austria" title="Parliament of Austria">Austrian Parliament</a> created the <a href="Declaration_of_Neutrality" title="Declaration of Neutrality">Declaration of Neutrality</a> which declared that the country would become permanently <a href="Neutral_country" title="neutral country">neutral</a>.</p>
<p>Today, Austria is a <a href="Parliamentary_government" title="parliamentary government">parliamentary</a> <a href="Representative_democracy" title="representative democracy">representative democracy</a> comprising nine <a href="States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">federal states</a>.<sup id="_ref-CIA_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-johnson_17_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_17" title="">[7]</a></sup> The <a href="Capital_(political)" title="Capital (political)">capital</a>—and with a population exceeding 1.6 million, Austria's largest city—is <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>.<sup id="_ref-CIA_d" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Vienna_pop_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Vienna_pop" title="">[8]</a></sup> Austria is one of the <a href="List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">richest countries in the world</a>, with a nominal per capita GDP of $43,570. The country has developed a <a href="List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">high standard of living</a>, and in 2008 was ranked 14th in the world for its <a href="Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a>. Austria has been a member of the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> since 1955,<sup id="_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#_note-9" title="">[9]</a></sup> joined the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995,<sup id="_ref-CIA_e" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup> and is a founder of the <a href="Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>.<sup id="_ref-OECD_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-OECD" title="">[10]</a></sup> Austria also signed the <a href="Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a> in 1995,<sup id="_ref-Schengen_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Schengen" title="">[11]</a></sup> and adopted the European currency, the <a href="Euro" title="euro">euro</a>, in 1999.</p>
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents">
<tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
</div>
<ul>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Etymology">Etymology</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#History">History</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Politics">Politics</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Political_system">Political system</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Recent_developments">Recent developments</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Energy_politics">Energy politics</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Military">Military</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#States">States</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Geography">Geography</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Climate">Climate</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Economy">Economy</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Currency">Currency</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Education">Education</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Demographics">Demographics</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Politics_concerning_ethnic_groups_(.7B.7Blang.7D.7D)">Politics concerning ethnic groups ({{lang}})</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Religion">Religion</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#Culture">Culture</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Music">Music</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Art_and_architecture">Art and architecture</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Science.2C_philosophy_and_economics">Science, philosophy and economics</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Literature">Literature</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Cuisine">Cuisine</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Sports">Sports</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#See_also">See also</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#References">References</a>
</li>
<ul>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Footnotes">Footnotes</a>
</li>
<li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Bibliography">Bibliography</a>
</li>
</ul>
<li class="toclevel-1"><a href="#External_links">External links</a>
</li>
</ul>
</ul></td></tr></table><hr/>
<a id="Etymology" name="Etymology"/><h2>Etymology</h2>
<p>{{main}}</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Ostarrichi.jpg" title="Document in which &quot;ostarrichi&quot; was first mentioned 996 (red circle)"><img src="Ostarrichi.jpg" alt="Document in which &quot;ostarrichi&quot; was first mentioned 996 (red circle)" title="Document in which &quot;ostarrichi&quot; was first mentioned 996 (red circle)" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Document in which "ostarrichi" was first mentioned 996 (red circle)</div></p>
<p>The German name of Austria {{lang}} derives from the <a href="Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> word Ostarrîchi "eastern realm", first attested in the famous "Ostarrîchi document" of AD 996, where the term refers to the <a href="Margraviate" title="Margraviate">Margraviate</a> ruled by the Babenberg Count <a href="Henry_I" title="Henry I">Henry I</a> located mostly in what is today <a href="Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a> and part of <a href="Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>.<sup id="_ref-Ostarrichi_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Ostarrichi" title="">[12]</a></sup> The name Austria is a latinization of the same <a href="Germanic" title="Germanic">Germanic</a> word for "<a href="East" title="east">east</a>", *<a href="Austr%C5%8D" title="austrō">austrō</a> also found in <i><a href="Austrasia" title="Austrasia">Austrasia</a></i>, the eastern part of Merovingian <a href="Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a>.</p>
<p>German <i>Österreich</i> is readily analysable  as connected to <i>östlich</i> "<a href="East" title="east">eastern</a>" and <i><a href="Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></i> "realm, dominion, empire". The term probably originates in a <a href="Vernacular" title="vernacular">vernacular</a> translation of the <a href="Medieval_Latin" title="Medieval Latin">Medieval Latin</a> name for the region: {{lang}}, which translates as "eastern marches" or "eastern borderland", as it was situated at the eastern edge of the <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="_ref-University_of_Klagenfurt_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-University_of_Klagenfurt" title="">[13]</a></sup> </p>
<p>However, <a href="Friedrich_Heer" title="Friedrich Heer">Friedrich Heer</a>, one the most important Austrian historians in the 20th century, stated in his book <i>Der Kampf um die österreichische Identität</i> (The Struggle Over Austrian Identity), that the Germanic form <i>Ostarrîchi</i> was not a translation of the Latin word, but both resulted from a much older term originating in the <a href="Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic languages</a> of ancient Austria: More than 2,500 years ago, the major part of the actual country was called <i>Norig</i> by the Celtic population (<a href="Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>); <i>No-</i> or <i>Nor-</i> meant "east" or "eastern",{{Citation needed}} whereas <i>-rig</i> is related to the modern German <i>Reich</i>; meaning "realm". Accordingly, <i>Norig</i> would essentially mean <i>Ostarrîchi</i> and <i>Österreich</i>, thus <i>Austria</i>. The Celtic name was eventually Latinised to <i><a href="Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a></i> after the Romans conquered the area that encloses most of modern day Austria, in approximately 15 BC. <i>Noricum</i> later became a <a href="Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman province</a> in the mid 1st century AD.<sup id="_ref-Noricum_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Noricum" title="">[5]</a></sup></p>
<a id="History" name="History"/><h2>History</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>
<p>Settled in ancient times,<sup id="_ref-johnson_17_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_17" title="">[7]</a></sup> the <a href="Central_Europe" title="central Europe">central European</a> land that is now Austria was occupied in pre-Roman times by various <a href="Celt" title="Celt">Celtic</a> tribes. The Celtic kingdom of <a href="Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> was later claimed by the <a href="Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and made a province. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the area was invaded by <a href="Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>, <a href="Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> and <a href="Eurasian_Avars" title="Eurasian Avars">Avars</a>.<sup id="_ref-johnson_19_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_19" title="">[14]</a></sup> The Slavic tribe of the Carantanians <a href="Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">migrated into the Alps</a>, and established the realm of <a href="Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a>, which covered much of eastern and central Austrian territory. <a href="Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> conquered the area in 788 AD, encouraged colonisation, and introduced <a href="Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="_ref-johnson_19_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_19" title="">[14]</a></sup> As part of <a href="Eastern_Francia" title="Eastern Francia">Eastern Francia</a>, the core areas that now encompass Austria were bequeathed to the house of <a href="Babenberg" title="Babenberg">Babenberg</a>. The area was known as the <i><a href="March_of_Austria" title="March of Austria">marchia Orientalis</a></i> and was given to <a href="Leopold_I_of_Austria_(Babenberg)" title="Leopold I of Austria (Babenberg)">Leopold of Babenberg</a> in 976.<sup id="_ref-johnson_20_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_20" title="">[15]</a></sup></p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Wappen_r%C3%B6m.kaiser.JPG" title="Coats of arms of the Habsburg Emperor in 1605"><img src="Wappen_r%C3%B6m.kaiser.JPG" alt="Coats of arms of the Habsburg Emperor in 1605" title="Coats of arms of the Habsburg Emperor in 1605" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Coats of arms of the <a href="House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> Emperor in 1605</div></p>
<p>The first record showing the name Austria is from 996 where it is written as <i><a href="Ostarr%C3%AEchi" title="Ostarrîchi">Ostarrîchi</a></i>, referring to the territory of the Babenberg March.<sup id="_ref-johnson_20_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_20" title="">[15]</a></sup> In 1156 the <a href="Privilegium_Minus" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a> elevated Austria to the status of a duchy. In 1192, the Babenbergs also acquired the Duchy of <a href="Styria_(duchy)" title="Styria (duchy)">Styria</a>. With the death of <a href="Frederick_II_of_Austria" title="Frederick II of Austria">Frederick II</a> in 1246, the line of the Babenbergs went extinct.<sup id="_ref-johnson_21_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_21" title="">[16]</a></sup> As a result, <a href="Otakar_II_of_Bohemia" title="Otakar II of Bohemia">Otakar II of Bohemia</a> effectively assumed control of the duchies of Austria, Styria and <a href="Carinthia_(duchy)" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Carinthia</a>.<sup id="_ref-johnson_21_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_21" title="">[16]</a></sup> His reign came to an end with his defeat at <a href="D%C3%BCrnkrut" title="Dürnkrut">Dürnkrut</a> at the hands of <a href="Rudolf_I_of_Germany" title="Rudolf I of Germany">Rudolf I of Germany</a> in 1278.<sup id="_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#_note-17" title="">[17]</a></sup> Thereafter, until <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Austria's history was largely that of its ruling dynasty, the <a href="Habsburgs" title="Habsburgs">Habsburgs</a>.</p>
<p>In the 14th and 15th centuries, the <a href="Habsburg_Monarchy" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburgs</a> began to accumulate other provinces in the vicinity of the Duchy of Austria. In 1438, Duke <a href="Albert_V_of_Austria" title="Albert V of Austria">Albert V of Austria</a> was chosen as the successor to his father-in-law, <a href="Emperor_Sigismund" title="Emperor Sigismund">Emperor Sigismund</a>. Although Albert himself only reigned for a year, from then on, every emperor of the Holy Roman Empire was a Habsburg, with only one exception.</p>
<p>The Habsburgs began also to accumulate lands far from the Hereditary Lands. In 1477, <a href="Maximilian_I%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Archduke Maximilian</a>, only son of <a href="Frederick_III%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Frederick III</a>, married the heiress Maria of <a href="County_of_Burgundy" title="County of Burgundy">Burgundy</a>, thus acquiring most of the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> for the family.<sup id="_ref-johnson_25_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_25" title="">[18]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-brook_11_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brook_11" title="">[19]</a></sup> His son <a href="Philip_I_of_Castile" title="Philip I of Castile">Philip the Fair</a> married the heiress of <a href="Crown_of_Castile" title="Crown of Castile">Castile</a> and <a href="Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Aragon</a>, and thus acquired <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> and its Italian, African, and <a href="New_World" title="New World">New World</a> appendages for the Habsburgs.<sup id="_ref-johnson_25_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_25" title="">[18]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-brook_11_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brook_11" title="">[19]</a></sup> In 1526, following the <a href="Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a>, <a href="Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and the part of <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> not occupied by the Ottomans came under Austrian rule.<sup id="_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#_note-20" title="">[20]</a></sup> <a href="Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Hungarian Wars">Ottoman expansion</a> into Hungary led to <a href="Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">frequent conflicts</a> between the two empires, particularly evident in the so-called <a href="Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War</a> of 1593 to 1606.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg" title="Battle of Vienna in 1683 broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe"><img src="Vienna_Battle_1683.jpg" alt="Battle of Vienna in 1683 broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe" title="Battle of Vienna in 1683 broke the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683 broke the advance of the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> into Europe</div></p>
<p>During the long reign of <a href="Emperor_Leopold_I" title="Emperor Leopold I">Leopold I</a> (1657–1705) and following the successful <a href="Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">defense of Vienna</a> in 1683 (under the command of the King of Poland, <a href="John_III_Sobieski" title="John III Sobieski">John III Sobieski</a>),<sup id="_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#_note-21" title="">[21]</a></sup> a <a href="Great_Turkish_War" title="Great Turkish War">series of campaigns</a> resulted in bringing all of Hungary to Austrian control by the <a href="Treaty_of_Carlowitz" title="Treaty of Carlowitz">Treaty of Carlowitz</a> in 1699. <a href="Emperor_Charles_VI" title="Emperor Charles VI">Emperor Charles VI</a> relinquished many of the fairly impressive gains the empire made in the previous years, largely due to his apprehensions at the imminent extinction of the House of Habsburg. Charles was willing to offer concrete advantages in territory and authority in exchange for other powers' worthless recognitions of the <a href="Pragmatic_Sanction" title="Pragmatic Sanction">Pragmatic Sanction</a> that made his daughter <a href="Maria_Theresa_of_Austria" title="Maria Theresa of Austria">Maria Theresa</a> his heir. With the rise of <a href="Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> the <a href="German_dualism" title="German dualism">Austrian–Prussian dualism</a> began in Germany. Austria participated, together with Prussia and Russia, in the first and the third of the three <a href="Partitions_of_Poland" title="Partitions of Poland">Partitions of Poland</a> (in 1772 and 1795).</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:CongressVienna.jpg" title="The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819."><img src="CongressVienna.jpg" alt="The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819." title="The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, 1819." class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><i>The Congress of Vienna</i> by <a href="Jean-Baptiste_Isabey" title="Jean-Baptiste Isabey">Jean-Baptiste Isabey</a>, 1819.</div></p>
<p>Austria later became engaged in a war with <a href="Revolutionary_France" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>—at the beginning highly unsuccessful—with successive defeats at the hands of <a href="Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> meaning the end of the old <a href="Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in 1806. Two years earlier,<sup id="_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#_note-22" title="">[22]</a></sup> in 1804, the <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Empire of Austria</a> was founded. In 1814 Austria was part of the Allied forces that invaded France and brought to an end the <a href="Napoleonic_wars" title="Napoleonic wars">Napoleonic wars</a>. It thus emerged from the <a href="Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> in 1815 as one of four of the continent's dominant powers and a recognised <a href="Great_power" title="great power">great power</a>. The same year, the <a href="German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a>, ({{lang}}) was founded under the presidency of Austria. Because of unsolved social, political and national conflicts the German lands were shaken by the <a href="1848_revolution" title="1848 revolution">1848 revolution</a> aiming to create a unified Germany.<sup id="_ref-johnson_36_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_36" title="">[23]</a></sup> A unified Germany would have been possible either as a <a href="Gro%C3%9Fdeutschland" title="Großdeutschland">Greater Germany</a>, or a Greater Austria or just the <a href="German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> without Austria at all. As Austria was not willing to relinquish its German-speaking territories to what would become the <a href="Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German Empire of 1848</a> the crown of the new formed empire was offered to the Prussian King <a href="Friedrich_Wilhelm_IV" title="Friedrich Wilhelm IV">Friedrich Wilhelm IV</a>. In 1864 Austria and <a href="Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> fought together against <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, and successfully freed the independent duchies of <a href="Schleswig" title="Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a>. Nevertheless as they could not agree on a solution to the administration of the two duchies, they fought in 1866 the <a href="Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a>. Defeated by Prussia in the <a href="Battle_of_K%C3%B6niggr%C3%A4tz" title="Battle of Königgrätz">Battle of Königgrätz</a>,<sup id="_ref-johnson_36_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_36" title="">[23]</a></sup> Austria had to leave the <a href="German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a> and subsequently no longer took part in German politics.<sup id="_ref-johnson_55_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_55" title="">[24]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#_note-25" title="">[25]</a></sup> </p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:franzferdinand.jpg" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family"><img src="franzferdinand.jpg" alt="Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand (right) with his family" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> (right) with his family</div></p>
<p>The <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867</a>, the <i>Ausgleich</i>, provided for a dual sovereignty, the <a href="Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and the <a href="Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, under <a href="Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I</a>.<sup id="_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#_note-26" title="">[26]</a></sup> The Austrian-Hungarian rule of this diverse empire included various <a href="Slav" title="Slav">Slav</a> groups such as <a href="Poles" title="Poles">Poles</a>, <a href="Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechs</a>, <a href="Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovaks</a>, <a href="Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>, <a href="Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> and <a href="Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>, as well as large <a href="Italian_people" title="Italian people">Italian</a> and <a href="Romania" title="Romania">Romanian</a> communities. </p>
<p>As a result, ruling Austria–Hungary became increasingly difficult in an age of emerging nationalist movements. Yet the government of Austria tried its best to be accommodating in some respects: The <i>Reichsgesetzblatt</i>, publishing the laws and ordinances of <a href="Cisleithania" title="Cisleithania">Cisleithania</a>, was issued in eight languages, all national groups were entitled to schools in their own language and to the use of their mothertongue at state offices, for example. The government of Hungary to the contrary tried to magyarise other ethnic entities. Thus the wishes of <a href="Ethnic_group" title="ethnic group">ethnic groups</a> dwelling in both parts of the dual monarchy hardly could be solved. </p>
<p>The assassination of <a href="Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a> in <a href="Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a> in 1914 by <a href="Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a> (a member of the Serbian nationalist group the <a href="Black_Hand" title="Black Hand">Black Hand</a>))<sup id="_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#_note-27" title="">[27]</a></sup> was used by leading Austrian and Hungarian politicians and generals to persuade the Emperor to declare war on Serbia, thereby risking and prompting the outbreak of World War I which led to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. </p>
<p>On October 21, 1918, the elected German members of the <i>Reichsrat</i> (parliament of Imperial Austria) met in Vienna as the Provisional National Assembly for German Austria (<i>Provisorische Nationalversammlung für Deutschösterreich</i>). On October 30 the assembly founded the State of German Austria by appointing a government, called <i>Staatsrat</i>. This new government was invited by the Emperor to take part in the decision on the planned armistice with Italy, but refrained from this business, leaving the responsibility for the end of the war on November 3, 1918 solely to the Emperor and his government. On November 11 the Emperor, counseled by ministers of the old and the new government, declared he would not take part in state business any more; on November 12 German Austria, by law, declared itself to be a democratic republic and part of the new German republic. The constitution, renaming <i>Staatsrat</i> to <i>Bundesregierung</i> (federal government) and <i>Nationalversammlung</i> to <i>Nationalrat</i> (national council) was passed on November 10, 1920.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" title="Ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910"><img src="Austria_Hungary_ethnic.svg.png" alt="Ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910" title="Ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Ethno-linguistic map of Austria–Hungary, 1910</div></p>
<p>The <a href="Treaty_of_Saint-Germain" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain">Treaty of Saint-Germain</a> of 1919 (for Hungary the <a href="Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a> of 1920) confirmed and consolidated the new order of Central Europe which to a great part had been established in November 1918, creating new states and resizing others. However, over 3 million German Austrians found themselves living outside of the newborn Austrian Republic in the respective states of <a href="Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> and <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>.<sup id="_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#_note-28" title="">[28]</a></sup> Between 1918 and 1919, Austria was officially known as the State of <a href="German_Austria" title="German Austria">German Austria</a> ({{lang}}). Not only did the <a href="Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Entente powers</a> forbid German Austria to unite with Germany, they also ignored the name German Austria in the peace treaty to be signed; it was therefore changed to Republic of Austria in late 1919.<sup id="_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#_note-29" title="">[29]</a></sup> </p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png" title="Map of Austria–Hungary"><img src="Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png" alt="Map of Austria–Hungary" title="Map of Austria–Hungary" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Map of <a href="Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Austria–Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a></div></p>
<p>After the war, an enormous inflation started to devaluate the <i>Krone</i>, still Austria's currency. In the autumn of 1922, Austria was granted an international loan supervised by the <a href="League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>.<sup id="_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#_note-30" title="">[30]</a></sup> The purpose of the loan was to avert bankruptcy, stabilise the currency, and improve its general economic condition. With the granting of the loan, Austria passed from an independent state to the control exercised by the League of Nations. In 1925, the <i>Schilling</i>, replacing the <i>Krone</i> by 10,000 : 1, was introduced. Later it was called the Alpine dollar due to its stability. From 1925 to 1929, economy enjoyed a short high before nearly crashing after Black Friday. </p>
<p>The <a href="First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a> lasted until 1933 when Chancellor <a href="Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a>, gladly using what he called "self-switch-off of Parliament" ({{lang}}), established an autocratic regime tending towards <a href="Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>.<sup id="_ref-johnson_104_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_104" title="">[31]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-brook_269_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brook_269" title="">[32]</a></sup> The two big parties at this time—the Social Democrats and the Conservatives—had paramilitary armies;<sup id="_ref-Brook-Shepherd_261_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Brook-Shepherd_261" title="">[33]</a></sup> the Social Democrats' <a href="Republikanischer_Schutzbund" title="Republikanischer Schutzbund"><i>Schutzbund</i></a> was now declared illegal but still operative<sup id="_ref-Brook-Shepherd_261_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Brook-Shepherd_261" title="">[33]</a></sup> as <a href="Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">civil war</a> broke out.<sup id="_ref-johnson_104_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_104" title="">[31]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-brook_269_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-brook_269" title="">[32]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-johnson_107_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_107" title="">[34]</a></sup></p>
<p><div style="width:150px;"><a class="internal" href="File:150px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" title="Orthodox Jews in Leopoldstadt. About 10% of the total population of Vienna were Jews"><img src="150px-Orthodox_Jews_in_Leopoldstadt_1915.JPG" alt="Orthodox Jews in Leopoldstadt. About 10% of the total population of Vienna were Jews" title="Orthodox Jews in Leopoldstadt. About 10% of the total population of Vienna were Jews" class="location-none type-thumb" width="150"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Orthodox Jews in <a href="Leopoldstadt" title="Leopoldstadt">Leopoldstadt</a>. About 10% of the total population of Vienna were Jews</div></div>
</p>
<p>In February 1934, several members of the <i>Schutzbund</i> were executed,<sup id="_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#_note-35" title="">[35]</a></sup> the Social Democratic party was outlawed and many of its members were imprisoned or emigrated.<sup id="_ref-johnson_107_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_107" title="">[34]</a></sup> On 1 May 1934 the <a href="Austrofascism" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascists</a> imposed a new constitution ("<a href="Maiverfassung" title="Maiverfassung">Maiverfassung</a>") which cemented Dollfuss's power but on 25 July he was assassinated in a <a href="Nazi" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> coup attempt.<sup id="_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#_note-36" title="">[36]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#_note-37" title="">[37]</a></sup> His successor <a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a> struggled to keep Austria independent as "the better German state", but on 12 March 1938 German troops occupied the country<sup id="_ref-johnson_112_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_112" title="">[38]</a></sup> while Austrian Nazis took over government. On 13 March 1938 the <i><a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></i> of Austria was officially declared, and two days later <a href="Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, a native of Austria, proclaimed the re-unification of his home country with the rest of Germany on Vienna's Heldenplatz. He established a plebiscite confirming union with Germany in April 1938. </p>
<p>Austria was incorporated into the <a href="Third_Reich" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a> and ceased to exist as an independent state. The Nazis called Austria "<a href="Ostmark" title="Ostmark">Ostmark</a>"<sup id="_ref-johnson_112_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_112" title="">[38]</a></sup> until 1942 when it was again renamed and called "Alpen-Donau-Reichsgaue". Vienna fell on 13 April 1945 during the Soviet <a href="Vienna_Offensive" title="Vienna Offensive">Vienna Offensive</a> just before the total collapse of the Third Reich. <a href="Karl_Renner" title="Karl Renner">Karl Renner</a> astutely set up a <a href="Provisional_government" title="Provisional government">Provisional Government</a> in <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in April with the approval of the victorious Soviet forces,<sup id="_ref-johnson_135_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_135" title="">[39]</a></sup> and declared Austria's secession from the Third Reich by the Declaration of Independence on 27 April 1945. Total <a href="World_War_II_casualties#Endnote_Austria" title="World War II casualties">military deaths</a> from 1939–1945 are estimated at 260,000.<sup id="_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#_note-40" title="">[40]</a></sup> Jewish Holocaust victims totaled 65,000.<sup id="_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#_note-41" title="">[41]</a></sup></p>
<p>Much like Germany, Austria, too, was divided into a British, a French, a Soviet and a U.S. Zone and governed by the <a href="Allied_Commission_for_Austria" title="Allied Commission for Austria">Allied Commission for Austria</a>.<sup id="_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#_note-42" title="">[42]</a></sup> As forecast in the <a href="Moscow_Declaration" title="Moscow Declaration">Moscow Declaration</a> in 1943, there was a subtle difference in the treatment of Austria by the Allies.<sup id="_ref-johnson_135_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_135" title="">[39]</a></sup> The Austrian Government, consisting of Social Democrats, Conservatives and Communists and residing in Vienna, which was surrounded by the Soviet zone, was recognised by the <a href="Western_Allies" title="Western Allies">Western Allies</a> in October 1945 after some doubts that Renner could be Stalin's puppet. Thereby the creation of a separate Western Austrian government and the division of the country could be avoided. Austria, in general, was treated as though it had been originally invaded by Germany and liberated by the Allies.<sup id="_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#_note-43" title="">[43]</a></sup> </p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:IMG_9039-Innsbruck.JPG" title="Innsbruck hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics"><img src="IMG_9039-Innsbruck.JPG" alt="Innsbruck hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics" title="Innsbruck hosted the 1964 and 1976 Winter Olympics" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Innsbruck hosted the <a href="1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a></div></p>
<p>After talks which lasted for years and were influenced by the Cold War, on 15 May 1955 Austria regained full independence by concluding the <a href="Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> with the Four Occupying Powers. On 26 October 1955 Austria declared its "permanent neutrality" by an act of Parliament, which remains to this day but has been indirectly changed by constitutional amendments concerning Austria as member of the European Union.<sup id="_ref-johnson_153_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_153" title="">[44]</a></sup></p>
<p>The political system of the Second Republic is based on the constitution of 1920 and 1929, which was reintroduced in 1945. The system came to be characterised by <i><a href="Proporz" title="Proporz">Proporz</a></i>, meaning that most posts of political importance were split evenly between members of the Social Democrats and the People's Party.<sup id="_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#_note-45" title="">[45]</a></sup> Interest group "chambers" with mandatory membership (e.g. for workers, business people, farmers) grew to considerable importance and were usually consulted in the legislative process, so that hardly any legislation was passed that did not reflect widespread consensus.<sup id="_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#_note-46" title="">[46]</a></sup> Since 1945, a single-party government took place only 1966−1970 (conservatives) and 1970−1983 (social democrats). During all other legislative periods, either a grand coalition of conservatives and social democrats or a "small coalition" (one of these two and a smaller party) ruled the country.</p>
<p>The country became a member of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> in 1995.<sup id="_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#_note-47" title="">[47]</a></sup> The major parties SPÖ and ÖVP have contrary opinions about the future status of Austria's military non-alignment: While the SPÖ in public supports a neutral role, the ÖVP argues for stronger integration into the EU's security policy; even a future NATO membership is not ruled out by some ÖVP politicians. In reality, Austria is taking part in the EU's <a href="Common_Foreign_and_Security_Policy" title="Common Foreign and Security Policy">Common Foreign and Security Policy</a>, participates in the so called Petersburg Agenda (including <a href="Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peace keeping</a> and peace creating tasks) and has become member of <a href="NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>'s "Partnership for Peace"; constitution has been amended accordingly. Since 2008, due to the <a href="Schengen_Agreement" title="Schengen Agreement">Schengen Agreement</a>, the only neighbouring country performing border controls towards Austria is <a href="Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a>.</p>
<a id="Politics" name="Politics"/><h2>Politics</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
</p><a id="Political_system" name="Political_system"/><h3>Political system</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Austria_Parlament_Athena.jpg" title="Austrian Parliament in Vienna"><img src="Austria_Parlament_Athena.jpg" alt="Austrian Parliament in Vienna" title="Austrian Parliament in Vienna" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Austrian Parliament in <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></div></p>
<p>The <a href="Parliament_of_Austria" title="Parliament of Austria">Parliament of Austria</a> is located in <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the country's largest city and capital. Austria became a federal, <a href="Parliamentary_democracy" title="parliamentary democracy">parliamentarian, democratic</a> <a href="Republic" title="republic">republic</a> through the <a href="Federal_Constitution_(Austria)" title="Federal Constitution (Austria)">Federal Constitution</a> of 1920. It was reintroduced in 1945 to the nine <a href="States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">states</a> of the Federal Republic.<sup id="_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#_note-48" title="">[48]</a></sup>{{Clarify}} The <a href="Head_of_state#Parliamentary_system" title="head of state">head of state</a> is the <a href="President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Federal President</a> (<i>Bundespräsident</i>), who is directly elected by popular vote. The chairman of the <a href="Government_of_Austria" title="Government of Austria">Federal Government</a> is the <a href="Chancellor_of_Austria" title="Chancellor of Austria">Federal Chancellor</a>, who is appointed by the president. The government can be removed from office by either a presidential decree or by <a href="Vote_of_no_confidence" title="vote of no confidence">vote of no confidence</a> in the lower chamber of parliament, the <a href="National_Council_of_Austria" title="National Council of Austria">Nationalrat</a>. Voting for the federal president and for the Parliament used to be compulsory in Austria, but this was abolished in steps from 1982 to 2004.<sup id="_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#_note-49" title="">[49]</a></sup> </p>
<p>The Parliament of Austria consists of two chambers. The composition of the Nationalrat (183 seats) is determined every five years (or whenever the Nationalrat has been dissolved by the federal president on a motion by the federal chancellor, or by Nationalrat itself) by a general election in which every citizen over 16 years (since 2007) has <a href="Suffrage" title="Suffrage">voting rights</a>. While there is a general threshold of 4 percent for all parties at federal elections (Nationalratswahlen), there remains the possibility to gain a direct seat, or {{lang}}, in one of the 43 regional election districts.</p>
<p>The Nationalrat is the dominant chamber in the formation of legislation in Austria. However, the upper house of parliament, the <a href="Federal_Council_of_Austria" title="Federal Council of Austria">Bundesrat</a>, has a limited right of <a href="Veto" title="veto">veto</a> (the Nationalrat can—in almost all cases—ultimately pass the respective bill by voting a second time. This is referred to as <b>Beharrungsbeschluss<i>, lit. "vote of persistence"). A convention, called the {{lang}}<sup id="_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#_note-50" title="">[50]</a></sup> was convened in June 30, 2003 to decide upon suggestions to reform the constitution, but failed to produce a proposal that would receive the two-thirds of votes in the Nationalrat necessary for constitutional amendments and/or reform. </i></b></p>
<p>With legislative and executive, the courts are the third column of Austrian state powers. Notably the Constitutional Court (<i>Verfassungsgerichtshof</i>) may exert considerable influence on the political system by ruling out laws and ordinances not in compliance with the constitution. Since 1995, the <a href="European_Court_of_Justice" title="European Court of Justice">European Court of Justice</a> may overrule Austrian decisions in all matters defined in laws of the European Union. Concerning <a href="Human_rights" title="human rights">human rights</a>, Austria also is implementing the decisions of the <a href="European_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="European Court of Human Rights">European Court of Human Rights</a>, since the <a href="European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a> is part of the Austrian constitution.</p>
<a id="Recent_developments" name="Recent_developments"/><h3>Recent developments</h3>
<p>After general elections held in October 2006, the <a href="Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria" title="Social Democratic Party of Austria">Social Democrats</a> emerged as the largest party, whereas the <a href="Austrian_People's_Party" title="Austrian People's Party">People's Party</a> lost about 8% in votes.<sup id="_ref-Election2002_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Election2002" title="">[51]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-Election2006_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Election2006" title="">[52]</a></sup> Political realities prohibited any of the two major parties from forming a coalition with smaller parties. In January 2007 the People's Party and Social Democrats formed a grand coalition with the social democrat <a href="Alfred_Gusenbauer" title="Alfred Gusenbauer">Alfred Gusenbauer</a> as Chancellor. This coalition broke up in June 2008. Elections in September 2008 further weakened both major parties (Social Democrats and People's Party) but together they still held more than 50% of the votes with the Social Democrats holding the majority. They formed a coalition with Werner Faymann from the Social Democrats as Chancellor. The positions of the Freedom Party and the deceased <a href="J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a>'s new party <a href="Alliance_for_the_Future_of_Austria" title="Alliance for the Future of Austria">Alliance for the Future of Austria</a>, both right-wing parties, were strengthened during the election.</p>
<a id="Foreign_policy" name="Foreign_policy"/><h3>Foreign policy</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Austrian_embassy_in_London.JPG" title="Embassy of Austria in London"><img src="Austrian_embassy_in_London.JPG" alt="Embassy of Austria in London" title="Embassy of Austria in London" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Embassy of Austria in <a href="London" title="London">London</a></div></p>
<p>The 1955 <a href="Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> ended the occupation of Austria following World War II and recognised Austria as an independent and sovereign state. On 26 October 1955, the <a href="Federal_Assembly_of_Austria" title="Federal Assembly of Austria">Federal Assembly</a> passed a constitutional article in which "Austria declares of her own free will her perpetual neutrality". The second section of this law stated that "in all future times Austria will not join any military alliances and will not permit the establishment of any foreign military bases on her territory". Since then, Austria has shaped its foreign policy on the basis of neutrality, but rather different from the neutrality of Switzerland.</p>
<p>Austria began to reassess its definition of neutrality following the fall of <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">the Soviet Union</a>, granting overflight rights for the <a href="United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>-sanctioned action against <a href="Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> in 1991, and, since 1995, it has developed participation in the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">EU's</a> Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). Also in 1995, it joined the Partnership for Peace and subsequently participated in peacekeeping missions in Bosnia. Meanwhile, the only part of the Constitutional Law on Neutrality of 1955 still valid fully is not to allow foreign military bases in Austria.{{Citation needed}}</p>
<p>Austria attaches great importance to participation in the <a href="Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> and other international economic organisations, and it has played an active role in the <a href="Organization_for_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe">Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (OSCE).</p>
<a id="Energy_politics" name="Energy_politics"/><h3>Energy politics</h3>
<p>{{See also}}</p>
<p>In 1972, the country began construction of a <a href="Nuclear_power" title="nuclear power">nuclear-powered</a> electricity-generation station at <a href="Zwentendorf" title="Zwentendorf">Zwentendorf</a> on the River <a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, following a unanimous vote in parliament. However, in 1978, a <a href="Referendum" title="referendum">referendum</a> voted approximately 50.5% against nuclear power, 49.5% for,<sup id="_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#_note-53" title="">[53]</a></sup> and parliament subsequently unanimously passed a law forbidding the use of nuclear power to generate electricity.</p>
<p>Austria currently produces more than half of its electricity by <a href="Hydropower" title="hydropower">hydropower</a>.<sup id="_ref-RES_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-RES" title="">[54]</a></sup> Together with other <a href="Renewable_energy" title="renewable energy">renewable energy</a> sources such as <a href="Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind</a>, <a href="Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> and <a href="Biomass" title="biomass">biomass</a> powerplants, the electricity supply from renewable energy amounts to 62.89%<sup id="_ref-Renewables_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Renewables" title="">[55]</a></sup> of total use in Austria, with the rest being produced by <a href="Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">gas</a> and <a href="Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> powerplants.</p>
<a id="Military" name="Military"/><h2>Military</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Bataillon_de_la_garde_autrichienne.jpg" title="Austrian Guard Company on parade, July 14, 2007, Champs Elysées, Paris."><img src="Bataillon_de_la_garde_autrichienne.jpg" alt="Austrian Guard Company on parade, July 14, 2007, Champs Elysées, Paris." title="Austrian Guard Company on parade, July 14, 2007, Champs Elysées, Paris." class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Austrian Guard Company on parade, July 14, 2007, <a href="Champs_Elys%C3%A9es" title="Champs Elysées">Champs Elysées</a>, <a href="Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>.</div></p>
<p>The manpower of the Austrian Armed Forces ({{lang-de}}) mainly relies on <a href="Conscription" title="conscription">conscription</a>. All males who have reached the age of eighteen and are found fit serve a six months <a href="Military_service" title="military service">military service</a>, followed by an eight year reserve obligation. Both males and females at the age of sixteen are eligible for voluntary service.<sup id="_ref-CIA_f" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup> <a href="Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">Conscientious objection</a> is legally acceptable and those who claim this right are obliged to serve an institutionalised nine months <a href="Zivildienst" title="Zivildienst">civilian service</a> instead. Since 1998, women volunteers have been allowed to become professional soldiers.</p>
<p>The main sectors of the Bundesheer are Joint Forces (Streitkräfteführungskommando, SKFüKdo) which consist of Land Forces (Landstreitkräfte), Air Forces (Luftstreitkräfte), International Missions (Internationale Einsätze) and Special Forces (Spezialeinsatzkräfte), next to Mission Support (Kommando Einsatzunterstützung; KdoEU) and Command Support (Kommando Führungsunterstützung; KdoFüU). Being a <a href="Landlocked_country" title="landlocked country">landlocked country</a>, Austria has no <a href="Navy" title="navy">navy</a>.</p>
<p>In 2004, Austria's defence expenditures corresponded to approximately 0.9% of its GDP. The Army currently has about 45,000 soldiers, of whom about half are conscripts. As head of state, <a href="President_of_Austria" title="President of Austria">Austrian President</a> (currently <a href="Heinz_Fischer" title="Heinz Fischer">Heinz Fischer</a>) is nominally the Commander-in-Chief of the Bundesheer. In practical reality, however, command of the Austrian Armed Forces is almost exclusively exercised by the Minister of Defense, currently <a href="Norbert_Darabos" title="Norbert Darabos">Norbert Darabos</a>.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Leopard2_a5_front.jpg" title="Austrian Army Leopard 2 main battle tank"><img src="Leopard2_a5_front.jpg" alt="Austrian Army Leopard 2 main battle tank" title="Austrian Army Leopard 2 main battle tank" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Austrian_Army" title="Austrian Army">Austrian Army</a> <a href="Leopard_2" title="Leopard 2">Leopard 2</a> <a href="Main_battle_tank" title="main battle tank">main battle tank</a></div></p>
<p>Since the end of the <a href="Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, and more importantly the removal of the former heavily guarded "<a href="Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>" separating Austria and Hungary, the Austrian military has been assisting Austrian border guards in trying to prevent border crossings by <a href="Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">illegal immigrants</a>. This assistance came to an end when Hungary joined the EU Schengen area in 2008, for all intents and purposes abolishing "internal" border controls between treaty states. Some politicians have called for a prolongation of this mission, but the legality of this is heavily disputed. In accordance with the Austrian constitution, armed forces may only be deployed in a limited number of cases, mainly to defend the country and aid in cases of national emergency, such as in the wake of <a href="Natural_disaster" title="natural disaster">natural disasters</a>. They may generally not be used as auxiliary police forces.</p>
<p>Within its self-declared status of permanent neutrality, Austria has a long and proud tradition of engaging in UN-led peacekeeping and other humanitarian missions. The <a href="Austrian_Forces_Disaster_Relief_Unit" title="Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit">Austrian Forces Disaster Relief Unit</a> (AFDRU), in particular, an all-volunteer unit with close ties to civilian specialists (e.g. rescue dog handlers) enjoys a reputation as a quick (standard deployment time is 10 hours) and efficient <a href="Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">SAR</a> unit. Currently, larger contingents of Austrian forces are deployed in <a href="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, <a href="Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> and, since 1974, in the <a href="Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.</p>
<a id="States" name="States"/><h2>States</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>
<p>As a <a href="Federal_republic" title="federal republic">federal republic</a>, Austria is divided into <a href="States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">nine states</a> ({{lang-de}}).<sup id="_ref-CIA_g" class="reference"><a href="#_note-CIA" title="">[2]</a></sup> These states are then divided into <a href="District" title="district">districts</a> ({{lang}}) and statutory cities ({{lang}}). Districts are subdivided into municipalities ({{lang}}). Statutory Cities have the competencies otherwise granted to both districts and municipalities. The states are not mere administrative divisions but have some legislative authority distinct from the federal government, e.g. in matters of culture, social care, youth and nature protection, hunting, building, and zoning ordinances. In recent years, it has been discussed whether today it is appropriate for a small country to maintain ten parliaments.</p>
<p>{{Austria states}}</p>
<a id="Geography" name="Geography"/><h2>Geography</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Oesterreich_topo.png" title="Topography of Austria"><img src="Oesterreich_topo.png" alt="Topography of Austria" title="Topography of Austria" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Topography of Austria</div>
<a class="internal" href="File:Schr%C3%B6cken2.JPG" title="Countryside of Schröcken"><img src="Schr%C3%B6cken2.JPG" alt="Countryside of Schröcken" title="Countryside of Schröcken" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Countryside of <a href="Schr%C3%B6cken" title="Schröcken">Schröcken</a></div>
<a class="internal" href="File:STANTON2.jpg" title="Sankt Anton am Arlberg"><img src="STANTON2.jpg" alt="Sankt Anton am Arlberg" title="Sankt Anton am Arlberg" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Sankt_Anton_am_Arlberg" title="Sankt Anton am Arlberg">Sankt Anton am Arlberg</a></div></p>
<p>Austria is a largely <a href="Mountain" title="mountain">mountainous</a> country due to its location in the <a href="Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<sup id="_ref-BritannicaAlps_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-BritannicaAlps" title="">[56]</a></sup> The <a href="Central_Eastern_Alps" title="Central Eastern Alps">Central Eastern Alps</a>, <a href="Northern_Limestone_Alps" title="Northern Limestone Alps">Northern Limestone Alps</a> and <a href="Southern_Limestone_Alps" title="Southern Limestone Alps">Southern Limestone Alps</a> are all partly in Austria. Of the total area of Austria ({{convert}}), only about a quarter can be considered low lying, and only 32% of the country is below {{convert}}. The Alps of western Austria give way somewhat into low lands and plains in the eastern part of the country.</p>
<p>Austria can be divided into five areas, the biggest being the <a href="Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a>, which constitute 62% of nation's total area. The Austrian foothills at the base of the <a href="Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathians</a> account for around 12% and the foothills in the east and areas surrounding the periphery of the Pannoni low country amount to about 12% of the total landmass. The second greater mountain area (much lower than the Alps) is situated in the north. Known as the Austrian <a href="Granite" title="granite">granite</a> <a href="Plateau" title="plateau">plateau</a>, it is located in the central area of the Bohemian Mass, and accounts for 10% of Austria. The Austrian portion of the <a href="Vienna_basin" title="Vienna basin">Vienna basin</a> comprises the remaining 4%.</p>
<p>The six highest mountains in Austria are:
</p>
<div style="page-break-inside: avoid;">
<table border="1" class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;">
<tr style="background:#ddd;">
<th width="150px">Name </th>
<th>Height (m) </th>
<th>Height (ft) </th>
<th width="130px">Range</th></tr>
<tr>
<td align="left"><a href="Gro%C3%9Fglockner" title="Großglockner">Großglockner</a>  </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Hohe_Tauern" title="Hohe Tauern">Hohe Tauern</a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="Wildspitze" title="Wildspitze">Wildspitze</a>    </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Ötztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="Wei%C3%9Fkugel" title="Weißkugel">Weißkugel</a>     </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Ötztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="Gro%C3%9Fvenediger" title="Großvenediger">Großvenediger</a> </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Hohe_Tauern" title="Hohe Tauern">Hohe Tauern</a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="Similaun" title="Similaun">Similaun</a>      </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Ötztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a></td>
<td align="left"><a href="Gro%C3%9Fes_Wiesbachhorn" title="Großes Wiesbachhorn">Großes Wiesbachhorn</a> </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td>{{commas}} </td>
<td align="center"><a href="Hohe_Tauern" title="Hohe Tauern">Hohe Tauern</a></td></tr></table></div>

<p><a href="Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeographically</a>, Austria belongs to the Central European province of the <a href="Circumboreal_Region" title="Circumboreal Region">Circumboreal Region</a> within the <a href="Boreal_Kingdom" title="Boreal Kingdom">Boreal Kingdom</a>. According to the <a href="World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>, the territory of Austria can be subdivided into four ecoregions: the Central European mixed forests, Pannonian mixed forests, Alps conifer and mixed forests and Western European broadleaf forests.</p>
<a id="Climate" name="Climate"/><h2>Climate</h2>
<p>The greater part of Austria lies in the cool/temperate <a href="Climate_zone" title="climate zone">climate zone</a> in which humid westerly winds predominate. With over half of the country dominated by the <a href="Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, the <a href="Alpine_climate" title="alpine climate">alpine climate</a> is the predominant one. In the east—in the <a href="Pannonian_Plain" title="Pannonian Plain">Pannonian Plain</a> and along the <a href="Danube" title="Danube">Danube valley</a>—the climate shows continental features with less rain than the alpine areas. Although Austria is cold in the winter, summer temperatures can be relatively warm—reaching temperatures of around 20 – 40 °<a href="Celsius" title="Celsius">C</a>.<sup id="_ref-Climate_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Climate" title="">[57]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Economy" name="Economy"/><h2>Economy</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
{{See also}}
<a class="internal" href="File:T-mobil_center_wien.jpg" title="Modern Vienna"><img src="T-mobil_center_wien.jpg" alt="Modern Vienna" title="Modern Vienna" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Modern Vienna</div></p>
<p>Austria is one of the 12 <a href="List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">richest countries in the world</a> in terms of GDP (<a href="Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Gross domestic product</a>) per capita,<sup id="_ref-imf2_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-imf2" title="">[58]</a></sup> has a well-developed <a href="Social_market_economy" title="social market economy">social market economy</a>, and a high <a href="Standard_of_living" title="standard of living">standard of living</a>. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised; in recent years, however, <a href="Privatization" title="Privatization">privatisation</a> has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies. <a href="Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movements</a> are particularly strong in Austria and have large influence on labour politics. Next to a highly-developed industry, international tourism is the most important part of the national economy.</p>
<p><a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has historically been the main trading partner of Austria, making it vulnerable to rapid changes in the <a href="German_economy" title="German economy">German economy</a>. However, since Austria became a member state of the <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> it has gained closer ties to other <a href="European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> economies, reducing its economic dependence on Germany. In addition, membership in the EU has drawn an influx of foreign investors attracted by Austria's access to the single European market and proximity to the aspiring economies of the European Union. Growth in GDP accelerated in recent years and reached 3.3% in 2006.<sup id="_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#_note-59" title="">[59]</a></sup></p>
<a id="Currency" name="Currency"/><h3>Currency</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
{{See also}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Euro_banknotes.png" title="In 1999, Austria introduced the single European currency, the euro. With 15 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone."><img src="Euro_banknotes.png" alt="In 1999, Austria introduced the single European currency, the euro. With 15 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone." title="In 1999, Austria introduced the single European currency, the euro. With 15 other EU member states it forms the Eurozone." class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">In 1999, Austria introduced the single European currency, the <a href="Euro" title="euro">euro</a>. With 15 other EU member states it forms the <a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>.</div></p>
<p>In Austria, the <a href="Euro" title="euro">euro</a> was introduced as an accounting currency on 1 January 1999, and euro coins and banknotes entered circulation on 1 January 2002. As a preparation for this date, the minting of the new euro coins started as early as 1999, however all Austrian euro coins introduced in 2002 have this year on it; unlike other countries of the <a href="Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a> where mint year is minted in the coin. Eight different designs, one per face value, were selected for the Austrian coins. In 2007, in order to adopt the new common map like the rest of the Eurozone countries, Austria changed the common side of its coins.</p>
<p>Before adopting the Euro in 2002 Austria had maintained use of the <a href="Austrian_schilling" title="Austrian schilling">Austrian schilling</a> which was first established in December 1924. The Schilling was abolished in the wake of the <a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> in 1938 and has been reintroduced after the end of the <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in November 1945.</p>
<p>Austria has one of the richest collection of collectors' coins in the Eurozone, with face value ranging from 10 to 100 euro (although a 100,000 euro coin was exceptionally minted in 2004). These coins are a legacy of an old national practice of minting of silver and gold coins. Unlike normal issues, these coins are not <a href="Legal_tender" title="legal tender">legal tender</a> in all the eurozone. For instance, a €5 Austrian commemorative coin cannot be used in any other country.</p>
<a id="Education" name="Education"/><h2>Education</h2>
<p>{{Main}}</p>
<p>Responsibility for educational oversight in Austria is entrusted partly to the <a href="States_of_Austria" title="States of Austria">Austrian states</a> (Bundesländer), and partly to the federal government. School attendance is <a href="Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory</a> for nine years, i.e. usually to the age of fifteen. The <a href="Programme_for_International_Student_Assessment" title="Programme for International Student Assessment">Programme for International Student Assessment</a>, coordinated by the <a href="OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, currently ranks Austria's education as the 18th best in the world, being significantly higher than the OECD average.<sup id="_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#_note-60" title="">[60]</a></sup></p>
<p><a href="Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a> education, free in most states, is provided for all children between the ages of three and six years and, whilst optional, is considered a normal part of a child's education, due to its high takeup rate. Maximum class size is around 30, each class normally being cared for by one qualified teacher and one assistant. Standard attendance times are 8am to 12am, with extra afternoon care also frequently provided for a fee. </p>
<p><a href="Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary education</a>, or <a href="Volksschule" title="Volksschule">Volksschule</a>, lasts for four years, starting at age six. Maximum class size is 30, but may be as low as 15. It is generally expected that a class will be taught by one teacher for the entire four years and the stable bond between teacher and pupil is considered important for a child's wellbeing. The "3Rs" dominate lesson time, with less time allotted to project work than in the UK. Children work individually and all members of a class follow the same plan of work. There is no streaming. Lessons begin at 8am and last until noon or 1pm with hourly five- or ten-minute breaks. Children are given homework daily from the first year. Historically there has been no lunch hour, children returning home to eat. However, due to a rise in the number of mothers in work, primary schools are increasingly offering pre-lesson and afternoon care.</p>
<p>As in <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="Secondary_education" title="secondary education">secondary education</a> consists of two main types of schools, attendance at which is based on a pupil's ability as determined by grades from the primary school. The <a href="Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> caters for the more able children, in the final year of which the <a href="Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> examination is taken, which is a requirement for access to university. The <a href="Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a> prepares pupils for vocational education but also for various types of further education (<a href="HTL" title="HTL">HTL</a> = institution of higher technical education; <a href="HAK" title="HAK">HAK</a> = commercial academy; <a href="HBLA" title="HBLA">HBLA</a> = institution of higher education for economic business; etc.). Attendance at one of these further education institutes  also leads to the <a href="Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a>. Some schools aim to combine the education available at the Gymnasium and the Hauptschule, and are know as <a href="Gesamtschulen" title="Gesamtschulen">Gesamtschulen</a>. In addition, a recognition of the importance of learning English has led some Gymnasiums to offer a bilingual stream, in which pupils deemed able in languages follow a modified curriculum, a portion of the lesson time being conducted in English. </p>
<p>As at primary school, lessons at <a href="Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a> begin at 8am, and continue with short intervals until lunchtime or early afternoon, with children returning home to a late lunch. Older pupils often attend further lessons after a break for lunch, generally eaten at school. As at primary level, all pupils follow the same plan of work. Great emphasis is placed on homework and frequent testing. Satisfactory marks in the end-of-the-year report ("Zeugnis") are a prerequisite for moving up ("aufsteigen") to the next class. Pupils who do not meet the required standard re-sit their tests at the end of the summer holidays; those whose marks are still not satisfactory are required to re-sit the year ("sitzenbleiben"). It is not uncommon for a pupil to re-sit more than one year of school. After completing the first two years, pupils choose between one of two strands, known as "Gymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on arts) or "Realgymnasium" (slightly more emphasis on science). Whilst many schools offer both strands, some do not, and as a result, some children move schools for a second time at age 12. At age 14, pupils may choose to remain in one of these two strands, or to change to a vocational course, possibly with a further change of school.</p>
<p>The Austrian university system had been open to any student who passed the <a href="Matura" title="Matura">Matura</a> examination until recently. A 2006 bill allowed the introduction of entrance exams for studies such as <a href="Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a>. In 2001, an obligatory tution fee ("<i>Studienbeitrag</i>") of €363.36 per term was introduced for all public universities. Since 2008, for all EU students the studies are free of charge, as long as a certain time-limit is not exceeded (the expected duration of the study plus usually two terms tolerance).<sup id="_ref-Tuition_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Tuition" title="">[61]</a></sup> When the time-limit is exceeded, the fee of around €363.36 per term is charged. Some further exceptions to the fee apply, e.g. for students with a year's salary of more than about €5000. In all cases, an obligatory fee of €15.50 for the student union and insurance is charged.</p>
<a id="Demographics" name="Demographics"/><h2>Demographics</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Nibelungenbruecke_Sept06.JPG" title="Linz"><img src="Nibelungenbruecke_Sept06.JPG" alt="Linz" title="Linz" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></div></p>
<p>Austria's population estimate in January 2009 was 8,356,707.<sup id="_ref-Population_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Population" title="">[1]</a></sup> The population of the capital, <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, exceeds 1.6 million<sup id="_ref-Vienna_pop_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Vienna_pop" title="">[8]</a></sup> (2.2 million including the suburbs), representing about a quarter of the country's population and is known for its vast cultural offerings and high standard of living.</p>
<p>In contrast to the capital, other cities do not exceed 1 million inhabitants: the second largest city <a href="Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a> is home to 250,099 inhabitants, followed by <a href="Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> (188,968), <a href="Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a> (150,000), and <a href="Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a> (117,346). All other cities have fewer than 100,000 inhabitants.</p>
<p>German, Austria's official language, is spoken by 88.6% of the population—followed by Turkish (2.3%), Serbian (2.2%), Croatian (1.6%), Hungarian (0.5%), and Bosnian (0.4%).<sup id="_ref-Language_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Language" title="">[3]</a></sup> The Austrian federal states of <a href="Carinthia_(state)" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> and <a href="Styria_(state)" title="Styria (state)">Styria</a> are home to a significant indigenous <a href="Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Slovene speaking minority</a> with around 14,000 members (Austrian census; unofficial numbers of Slovene groups speak of up to 50,000). In the east-most state, <a href="Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a> (formerly part of the Hungarian half of <a href="Austria%E2%80%93Hungary" title="Austria–Hungary">Austria–Hungary</a>), about 20,000 Austrian citizens speak <a href="Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> and 30,000 speak <a href="Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>. Of the remaining <a href="Number" title="number">number</a> of Austria's people that are of non-Austrian descent, many come from surrounding countries, especially from the former <a href="Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">East Bloc</a> nations. So-called <a href="Foreign_worker" title="foreign worker">guest workers</a> <i>(Gastarbeiter)</i> and their descendants, as well as refugees from the <a href="Yugoslav_wars" title="Yugoslav wars">Yugoslav wars</a> and other conflicts, also form an important <a href="Minority_group" title="minority group">minority group</a> in Austria. Since 1994 the <a href="Romani_people" title="Romani people">Roma</a>–<a href="Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a> (gypsies) are an officially recognised ethnic minority in Austria.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Canaletto_(I)_058.jpg" title="A painting by Canaletto of Vienna during the first half of the eighteenth century"><img src="Canaletto_(I)_058.jpg" alt="A painting by Canaletto of Vienna during the first half of the eighteenth century" title="A painting by Canaletto of Vienna during the first half of the eighteenth century" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">A painting by <a href="Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a> of <a href="Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> during the first half of the eighteenth century</div></p>
<p>According to <a href="Census" title="census">census</a> information published by Statistik Austria for the year 2001<sup id="_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#_note-62" title="">[62]</a></sup> there were a total of 710,926 foreign nationals living in Austria. Of these, 124,392 speak German as their <a href="First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> (mainly immigrants from Germany, some from Switzerland and <a href="Province_of_Bolzano-Bozen" title="Province of Bolzano-Bozen">Bolzano-Bozen</a>, Italy) The next largest populations of linguistic and ethnic groups are 240,863 foreign nationals from the <a href="Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a> (Serbian being the largest number of these at 135,376, followed by Croatian at 105,487); 123,417 Turkish nationals; 25,155 whose native tongue is English; 24,446 Albanian; 17,899 Polish; 14,699 Hungarian; 12,216 Romanian; 7,982 Arabs; 6,902 Slovenes (not including the autochthonous minority); 6,891 Slovaks; 6,707 Czech; 5,916 Persian; 5,677 Italian; 5,466 Russian; 5,213 French; 4,938 Chinese; 4,264 Spanish; 3,503 Bulgarian. The populations of the rest fall off sharply below 3,000. Between 200,000 and 300,000 ethnic <a href="Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> (including minority of Turkish <a href="Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a>) currently live in Austria. They are the largest single immigrant group in Austria.<sup id="_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#_note-63" title="">[63]</a></sup></p>
<p>Austria's mountainous terrain led to the development of many distinct <a href="German_dialects" title="German dialects">German dialects</a>. All of the dialects in the <a href="Country" title="country">country</a>, however, belong to <a href="Austro-Bavarian" title="Austro-Bavarian">Austro-Bavarian</a> groups of German dialects, with the exception of the dialect spoken in its western-most Bundesland, <a href="Vorarlberg" title="Vorarlberg">Vorarlberg</a>, which belongs to the group of <a href="Alemannic_German" title="Alemannic German">Alemannic</a> dialects. There is also a distinct grammatical standard for <a href="Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a> with a few differences to the German spoken in Germany.</p>
<p>As of 2006, some of the Austrian states introduced standardised tests for new citizens, to assure their language ability, cultural knowledge and accordingly their ability to integrate into the Austrian society.<sup id="_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#_note-64" title="">[64]</a></sup> For the national rules, see <a href="Austrian_nationality_law#Naturalisation_as_an_Austrian_citizen" title="Austrian nationality law">Austrian nationality law – Naturalisation</a>.</p>
<a id="Politics_concerning_ethnic_groups_(.7B.7Blang.7D.7D)" name="Politics_concerning_ethnic_groups_(.7B.7Blang.7D.7D)"/><h3>Politics concerning ethnic groups ({{lang}})</h3>

<p>An estimated 13,000 to 40,000 <a href="Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> in the Austrian state of <a href="Carinthia_(state)" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> (the <a href="Carinthian_Slovenes" title="Carinthian Slovenes">Carinthian Slovenes</a>) as well as <a href="Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> (around 30,000)<sup id="_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#_note-65" title="">[65]</a></sup> and <a href="Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a> in Burgenland were recognised as a minority and have enjoyed special rights following the Austrian State Treaty ({{lang}}) of 1955.<sup id="_ref-johnson_153_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-johnson_153" title="">[44]</a></sup> The Slovenes in the Austrian state of <a href="Styria_(state)" title="Styria (state)">Styria</a> (estimated at a number between 1,600 and 5,000) are not recognised as a minority and do not enjoy special rights, although the State Treaty of July 27, 1955 states otherwise.</p>
<p>The right for bilingual topographic signs for the regions where Slovene- and Croat-Austrians live alongside the German speaking population (as required by the 1955 State Treaty) is still to be fully implemented. Many Carinthians are afraid of <a href="Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> territorial claims, pointing to the fact that Yugoslav troops entered the state after each of the two <a href="World_war" title="World war">World Wars</a> and considering that some official Slovenian atlases show parts of Carinthia as Slovene cultural territory. The recently deceased governor, <a href="J%C3%B6rg_Haider" title="Jörg Haider">Jörg Haider</a>, has made this fact a matter of public argument in autumn 2005 by refusing to increase the number of bilingual topographic signs in Carinthia. A poll by the Kärntner Humaninstitut conducted in January 2006 states that 65% of Carinthians are not in favour of an increase of bilingual topographic signs, since the original requirements set by the State Treaty of 1955 have already been fulfilled according to their point of view. </p>
<p>Another interesting phenomenon is the so called "Windischen-Theorie"<sup id="_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#_note-66" title="">[66]</a></sup> stating that the Slovenes can be split in two groups: actual Slovenes and <i>Windische</i> (a traditional German name for Slavs), based on differences in language between Austrian Slovenes, who were taught Slovene standard language in school and those Slovenes who spoke their local Slovene dialect but went to German schools. The term <i>Windische</i> was applied to the latter group as a means of distinction. This politically influenced theory, dividing Slovene Austrians into the "loyal Windische" and the "national Slovenes", was never generally accepted and fell out of use some decades ago.</p>
<a id="Religion" name="Religion"/><h3>Religion</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Tizian_066.jpg" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Charles I of Spain, Austrian Habsburg  ruler and one of the major figures of the Counter-Reformation"><img src="Tizian_066.jpg" alt="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Charles I of Spain, Austrian Habsburg  ruler and one of the major figures of the Counter-Reformation" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, also Charles I of Spain, Austrian Habsburg  ruler and one of the major figures of the Counter-Reformation" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Charles_V%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, also <i>Charles I of Spain</i>, <a href="Austrian_Habsburg" title="Austrian Habsburg">Austrian Habsburg</a> <br/> ruler and one of the major figures of the <a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a></div></p>
<p>At the end of the twentieth century, about 74% of Austria's population were registered as Roman Catholic,<sup id="_ref-Volksz.C3.A4hlung_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Volksz.C3.A4hlung" title="">[67]</a></sup> while about 5% considered themselves <a href="Protestant" title="Protestant">Protestants</a>.<sup id="_ref-Volksz.C3.A4hlung_b" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Volksz.C3.A4hlung" title="">[67]</a></sup> Austrian Christians are obliged to pay a mandatory membership fee (calculated by income—about 1%) to their church; this payment is called "Kirchensteuer" ("Ecclesiastical/Church tax").</p>
<p>About 12% of the population declare that they have <a href="Irreligion" title="irreligion">no religion</a>.<sup id="_ref-Volksz.C3.A4hlung_c" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Volksz.C3.A4hlung" title="">[67]</a></sup> Of the remaining people, around 340,000 are registered as members of various Muslim communities, mainly due to the influx from <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Bosnia-Herzegovina" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a> and <a href="Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>.<sup id="_ref-Volksz.C3.A4hlung_d" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Volksz.C3.A4hlung" title="">[67]</a></sup> About 180,000 are members of <a href="Eastern_Orthodox" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox Churches</a>, more than 20,000 are active <a href="Jehovah's_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a><sup id="_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#_note-68" title="">[68]</a></sup> and about 8,100 are <a href="Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a>.<sup id="_ref-Volksz.C3.A4hlung_e" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Volksz.C3.A4hlung" title="">[67]</a></sup> </p>
<p>The <a href="History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Austrian Jewish</a> Community of 1938—Vienna alone counted more than 200,000—was reduced to around 4,500 during the <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, with approximately 65,000 Jewish Austrians killed in <a href="The_Holocaust" title="the Holocaust">the Holocaust</a> and 130,000 emigrating.<sup id="_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#_note-69" title="">[69]</a></sup> The large majority of the current Jewish population are post-war immigrants, particularly from <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="eastern Europe">eastern Europe</a> and <a href="Central_Asia" title="central Asia">central Asia</a> (including <a href="Bukharan_Jew" title="Bukharan Jew">Bukharan Jews</a>).<sup id="_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#_note-70" title="">[70]</a></sup> <a href="Buddhism_in_Austria" title="Buddhism in Austria">Buddhism</a> was legally recognised as a religion in Austria in 1983.<sup id="_ref-Religion_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Religion" title="">[71]</a></sup></p>
<p>According to the most recent <a href="Eurobarometer" title="Eurobarometer">Eurobarometer Poll</a> 2005,<sup id="_ref-EUROBAROMETER_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-EUROBAROMETER" title="">[72]</a></sup></p>

<ul>
<li><b>54%</b> of Austrian citizens responded that <i>"they believe there is a God"</i>.</li>
<li><b>34%</b> answered that <i>"they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force"</i>.</li>
<li><b>8%</b> answered that <i>"they do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God, or life force"</i>.</li></ul>

<p><a class="internal" href="File:Alter_Dom_Linz.jpg" title="Alter Dom, Linz"><img src="Alter_Dom_Linz.jpg" alt="Alter Dom, Linz" title="Alter Dom, Linz" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Alter Dom, Linz</div></p>
<p>While northern and central Germany was the origin of the <a href="Protestant_Reformation" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a>, Austria and Bavaria were the heart of the <a href="Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, when the absolute monarchy of <a href="Habsburg" title="Habsburg">Habsburg</a> imposed a strict regime to restore Catholicism's power and influence among Austrians.<sup id="_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#_note-73" title="">[73]</a></sup><sup id="_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#_note-74" title="">[74]</a></sup> The <a href="Habsburg" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> for a long time viewed themselves as the vanguard of <a href="Roman_Catholic_Church" title="Roman Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> and all other confessions and religions were repressed. </p>
<p>In 1781, in the era of Austrian enlightenment, <a href="Joseph_II%2C_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a> issued a Patent of Tolerance for Austria that allowed other confessions a limited <a href="Freedom_of_religion" title="freedom of religion">freedom of worship</a>. Religious freedom was declared a constitutional right in Cisleithania after the Austro-Hungarian <i><a href="Ausgleich" title="Ausgleich">Ausgleich</a></i> in 1867 thus paying tribute to the fact that the monarchy was home of numerous religions beside Roman Catholicism such as Greek, Serbian, Romanian, Russian, and Bulgarian <a href="Orthodox_Christians" title="Orthodox Christians">Orthodox Christians</a> (Austria neighboured the <a href="Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> for centuries), <a href="Calvinism" title="Calvinism">Calvinist</a>, <a href="Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> <a href="Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a> and Jews. In 1912, after the annexation of <a href="Bosnia_Hercegovina" title="Bosnia Hercegovina">Bosnia Hercegovina</a> in 1908, <a href="Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was officially recognised in Austria.</p>
<p>Austria remained largely influenced by Catholicism. After 1918, First Republic Catholic leaders such as <a href="Theodor_Innitzer" title="Theodor Innitzer">Theodor Innitzer</a> and <a href="Ignaz_Seipel" title="Ignaz Seipel">Ignaz Seipel</a> took leading positions within or close to Austria's government and increased their influence during the time of the <a href="Austrofascism" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a>; Catholicism was treated much like a <a href="State_religion" title="state religion">state religion</a> by <a href="Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Engelbert Dollfuss</a> and <a href="Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Kurt Schuschnigg</a>.{{Citation needed}} Although Catholic (and Protestant) leaders initially welcomed the Germans{{Citation needed}} in 1938 during the <a href="Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a> of Austria into <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, Austrian Catholicism stopped its support of <a href="Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> later on and many former religious public figures became involved with the resistance during the <a href="Third_Reich" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>. After the end of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1945, a stricter <a href="Secularism" title="secularism">secularism</a> was imposed in Austria, and religious influence on politics declined.{{Citation needed}}</p>
<a id="Culture" name="Culture"/><h2>Culture</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
</p><a id="Music" name="Music"/><h3>Music</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
<a class="internal" href="File:Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)"><img src="Wolfgang-amadeus-mozart_1.jpg" alt="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791)" class="location-left type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a> (1756–1791)</div></p>
<p>Austria's past as a European power and its cultural environment have generated a broad contribution to various forms of art, most notably among them music. Austria has been the birthplace of many <a href="Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">famous composers</a> such as <a href="Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart</a>, <a href="Haydn" title="Haydn">Joseph Haydn</a>, <a href="Franz_Schubert" title="Franz Schubert">Franz Schubert</a>, <a href="Anton_Bruckner" title="Anton Bruckner">Anton Bruckner</a>, <a href="Johann_Strauss%2C_Sr." title="Johann Strauss, Sr.">Johann Strauss, Sr.</a>, <a href="Johann_Strauss%2C_Jr." title="Johann Strauss, Jr.">Johann Strauss, Jr.</a> and <a href="Gustav_Mahler" title="Gustav Mahler">Gustav Mahler</a> as well as members of the <a href="Second_Viennese_School" title="Second Viennese School">Second Viennese School</a> such as <a href="Arnold_Schoenberg" title="Arnold Schoenberg">Arnold Schoenberg</a>, <a href="Anton_Webern" title="Anton Webern">Anton Webern</a> and <a href="Alban_Berg" title="Alban Berg">Alban Berg</a>.</p>
<p>Vienna has long been especially an important centre of musical innovation. Eighteenth and nineteenth century composers were drawn to the city due to the patronage of the Habsburgs, and made Vienna the European capital of <a href="Classical_music" title="classical music">classical music</a>. During the Baroque period, Slavic and Hungarian folk forms influenced Austrian music. Vienna's status began its rise as a cultural center in the early 1500s, and was focused around instruments including the <a href="Lute" title="lute">lute</a>. <a href="Beethoven" title="Beethoven">Ludwig van Beethoven</a> spent the better part of his life in Vienna. Austria's current <a href="National_anthem" title="national anthem">national anthem</a>, attributed to Mozart, was chosen after <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to replace the traditional Austrian anthem by Joseph Haydn.</p>
<p>Austria has also produced one notable jazz musician, keyboardist <a href="Josef_Zawinul" title="Josef Zawinul">Josef Zawinul</a>, who helped pioneer electronic influences in jazz as well as being a notable composer in his own right. The <a href="Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a> and <a href="Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> musician, <a href="Falco_(musician)" title="Falco (musician)">Falco</a>, was internationally acclaimed during the 1980s, especially for his song "<a href="Rock_Me_Amadeus" title="Rock Me Amadeus">Rock Me Amadeus</a>" dedicated to Mozart.<sup id="_ref-Falco_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Falco" title="">[75]</a></sup> The drummer <a href="Thomas_Lang" title="Thomas Lang">Thomas Lang</a> was born in Vienna in 1967 and is now world renowned for his technical ability, having played with artists such as <a href="Geri_Halliwell" title="Geri Halliwell">Geri Halliwell</a> and <a href="Robbie_Williams" title="Robbie Williams">Robbie Williams</a>.</p>
<p><div style="width:300px;"><a class="internal" href="File:300px-Upper_belvedere.jpg" title="The Belvedere Palace, an example of Baroque architecture"><img src="300px-Upper_belvedere.jpg" alt="The Belvedere Palace, an example of Baroque architecture" title="The Belvedere Palace, an example of Baroque architecture" class="location-none type-thumb" width="300"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="Belvedere_(palace)" title="Belvedere (palace)">Belvedere Palace</a>, an example of <a href="Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> architecture</div></div>
</p>
<a id="Art_and_architecture" name="Art_and_architecture"/><h3>Art and architecture</h3>
<p>{{See}}</p>
<p>Among Austrian Artists and architects one can find the painters <a href="Ferdinand_Georg_Waldm%C3%BCller" title="Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller">Ferdinand Georg Waldmüller</a>, <a href="Rudolf_von_Alt" title="Rudolf von Alt">Rudolf von Alt</a>, <a href="Hans_Makart" title="Hans Makart">Hans Makart</a>,<a href="Gustav_Klimt" title="Gustav Klimt">Gustav Klimt</a>, <a href="Oskar_Kokoschka" title="Oskar Kokoschka">Oskar Kokoschka</a>, <a href="Egon_Schiele" title="Egon Schiele">Egon Schiele</a>, <a href="Carl_Moll" title="Carl Moll">Carl Moll</a>, and <a href="Friedensreich_Hundertwasser" title="Friedensreich Hundertwasser">Friedensreich Hundertwasser</a>, the photographers <a href="Inge_Morath" title="Inge Morath">Inge Morath</a> and <a href="Ernst_Haas" title="Ernst Haas">Ernst Haas</a> and architects like <a href="Johann_Bernhard_Fischer_von_Erlach" title="Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach">Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach</a>, <a href="Otto_Wagner" title="Otto Wagner">Otto Wagner</a>, <a href="Adolf_Loos" title="Adolf Loos">Adolf Loos</a>, and <a href="Hans_Hollein" title="Hans Hollein">Hans Hollein</a>.</p>
<a id="Science.2C_philosophy_and_economics" name="Science.2C_philosophy_and_economics"/><h3>Science, philosophy and economics</h3>
<p>{{See}}</p>
<p>Austria was the cradle of numerous scientists with international reputation. Among them are <a href="Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a>, <a href="Ernst_Mach" title="Ernst Mach">Ernst Mach</a>, <a href="Victor_Franz_Hess" title="Victor Franz Hess">Victor Franz Hess</a> and <a href="Christian_Doppler" title="Christian Doppler">Christian Doppler</a>, prominent scientists in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, contributions by <a href="Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a>, <a href="Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Erwin Schrödinger</a> and <a href="Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Wolfgang Pauli</a> to nuclear research and <a href="Quantum_mechanics" title="quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> were key to these areas' development during the 1920s and 1930s. A present-day quantum physicist is <a href="Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a>, noted as the first scientist to demonstrate <a href="Quantum_teleportation" title="quantum teleportation">quantum teleportation</a>.</p>
<p>In addition to physicists, Austria was the birthplace of two of the most noteworthy philosophers of the twentieth century, <a href="Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a> and <a href="Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>. In addition to them biologists <a href="Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> and <a href="Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> as well as mathematician <a href="Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a> and engineers such as <a href="Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> and <a href="Siegfried_Marcus" title="Siegfried Marcus">Siegfried Marcus</a> were Austrians.</p>
<p>{{Austrians}}
A focus of Austrian science has always been medicine and psychology, starting in <a href="Medieval_Times" title="Medieval Times">medieval times</a> with <a href="Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>. Eminent physicians like <a href="Theodore_Billroth" title="Theodore Billroth">Theodore Billroth</a>, <a href="Clemens_von_Pirquet" title="Clemens von Pirquet">Clemens von Pirquet</a>, and <a href="Anton_Eiselsberg" title="Anton Eiselsberg">Anton von Eiselsberg</a> have built upon the achievements of the 19th century <a href="Vienna_School" title="Vienna School">Vienna School of Medicine</a>. Austria was home to psychologists <a href="Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a>, <a href="Alfred_Adler" title="Alfred Adler">Alfred Adler</a>, <a href="Paul_Watzlawick" title="Paul Watzlawick">Paul Watzlawick</a> and <a href="Hans_Asperger" title="Hans Asperger">Hans Asperger</a> and psychiatrist <a href="Viktor_Frankl" title="Viktor Frankl">Viktor Frankl</a>.</p>
<p>The <a href="Austrian_School" title="Austrian School">Austrian School</a> of Economics, which is prominent as one of the main competitive directions for economic theory, is related to Austrian economists <a href="Joseph_Schumpeter" title="Joseph Schumpeter">Joseph Schumpeter</a>, <a href="Eugen_von_B%C3%B6hm-Bawerk" title="Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk">Eugen von Böhm-Bawerk</a>, <a href="Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a>, and <a href="Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>. Other noteworthy Austrian-born émigrés include the management thinker <a href="Peter_Drucker" title="Peter Drucker">Peter Drucker</a>, scientist <a href="Gustav_Nossal" title="Gustav Nossal">Sir Gustav Nossal</a>, and the 38th Governor of California, <a href="Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a>.</p>
<a id="Literature" name="Literature"/><h3>Literature</h3>
<p>{{See also}}</p>
<p>Complementing its status as a land of artists and scientists, Austria has always been a country of poets, writers, and novelists. It was the home of novelists <a href="Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a>, <a href="Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a>, <a href="Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a>, <a href="Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a>, and <a href="Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a>, of poets <a href="Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a>, <a href="Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a>, <a href="Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a>, <a href="Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a>, <a href="Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a>, <a href="Karl_Kraus" title="Karl Kraus">Karl Kraus</a> and children's author <a href="Eva_Ibbotson" title="Eva Ibbotson">Eva Ibbotson</a>.</p>
<p>Famous contemporary playwrights and novelists are <a href="Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel prize</a> winner <a href="Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a>, <a href="Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a> and <a href="Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a>.</p>
<a id="Cuisine" name="Cuisine"/><h3>Cuisine</h3>
<p>{{Main}}
<div style="width:140px;"><a class="internal" href="File:140px-Einspaenner.jpg" title="The Viennoise"><img src="140px-Einspaenner.jpg" alt="The Viennoise" title="The Viennoise" class="location-left type-thumb" width="140"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">The Viennoise</div></div>
</p>
<p>Austria's cuisine is derived from that of the <a href="Austro-Hungarian_Empire" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>. Austrian cuisine is mainly the tradition of Royal-Cuisine ("Hofküche") delivered over centuries. It is famous for its well-balanced variations of beef and pork and countless variations of vegetables. There is also the "Mehlspeisen" Bakery, which created particular delicacies such as Sachertorte, "Krapfen" which are doughnuts usually filled with apricot marmalade or custard, and "Strudel" such as "<a href="Apfelstrudel" title="Apfelstrudel">Apfelstrudel</a>" and "Topfenstrudel" filled with sweetened sour cream. In addition to native regional traditions, the cuisine has been influenced by <a href="Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungarian</a>, Bohemia <a href="Czech_republic" title="Czech republic">Czech</a>, <a href="Jewish" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a>, <a href="Balkan" title="Balkan">Balkan</a> and <a href="France" title="France">French</a> cuisine, from which both dishes and methods of food preparation have often been borrowed. The Austrian cuisine is therefore one of the most multicultural and transcultural in Europe.</p>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg" title="Wiener Schnitzel"><img src="Wiener-Schnitzel02.jpg" alt="Wiener Schnitzel" title="Wiener Schnitzel" class="location-none type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Wiener_Schnitzel" title="Wiener Schnitzel">Wiener Schnitzel</a></div></p>
<p>Typical Austrian dishes include <a href="Wiener_Schnitzel" title="Wiener Schnitzel">Wiener Schnitzel</a>, <a href="Schweinsbraten" title="Schweinsbraten">Schweinsbraten</a>, <a href="Kaiserschmarren" title="Kaiserschmarren">Kaiserschmarren</a>, <a href="Kn%C3%B6del" title="Knödel">Knödel</a>, <a href="Sachertorte" title="Sachertorte">Sachertorte</a> and <a href="Tafelspitz" title="Tafelspitz">Tafelspitz</a>. There are also Kärntner Kasnudeln, a cooked filled dough-bag with a type of cottage cheese and spearmint, and <a href="Cantharellus" title="Cantharellus">Eierschwammerl</a> dishes. The "Eierschwammerl", also known as "Pfifferling", are native yellow, tan mushrooms. The candy <a href="Pez" title="Pez">Pez</a> was invented in Austria, as well as <a href="Manner" title="Manner">Mannerschnitten</a>. Austria is also famous for its <a href="Mozartkugel" title="Mozartkugel">Mozartkugeln</a>, and its coffee tradition.</p>
<a id="Sports" name="Sports"/><h3>Sports</h3>
<p><a class="internal" href="File:Em_stadion_salzburg.jpg" title="Salzburg Stadium, Home of the FC RB Salzburg"><img src="Em_stadion_salzburg.jpg" alt="Salzburg Stadium, Home of the FC RB Salzburg" title="Salzburg Stadium, Home of the FC RB Salzburg" class="location-right type-thumb"/>
</a>
<div class="thumbcaption">Salzburg Stadium, Home of the FC RB Salzburg</div></p>
<p>Due to the mountainous terrain, <a href="Alpine_skiing" title="alpine skiing">alpine skiing</a> is a prominent sport in Austria. Similar sports such as <a href="Snowboarding" title="snowboarding">snowboarding</a> or <a href="Ski-jumping" title="ski-jumping">ski-jumping</a> are also widely popular. A popular <a href="Team_sport" title="team sport">team sport</a> in Austria is <a href="Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, which is governed by the <a href="Austrian_Football_Association" title="Austrian Football Association">Austrian Football Association</a>.<sup id="_ref-Football_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-Football" title="">[76]</a></sup> However, Austria rarely has international success in this discipline, going out in the first round of the <a href="2008_UEFA_European_Football_Championship" title="2008 UEFA European Football Championship">2008 UEFA European Football Championship</a> which was co-hosted by Austria and Switzerland. Besides football, Austria also has professional national leagues for most major team sports including the <a href="Austrian_Hockey_League" title="Austrian Hockey League">Austrian Hockey League</a> for <a href="Ice_hockey" title="ice hockey">ice hockey</a>, and the <a href="Österreichische_Basketball_Bundesliga" title="Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga">Österreichische Basketball Bundesliga</a> for <a href="Basketball" title="basketball">basketball</a>. <a href="Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a>, <a href="Luge" title="luge">luge</a>, and <a href="Skeleton_(sport)" title="skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a> are also popular events with a permanent track located in <a href="Igls_bobsleigh%2C_luge%2C_and_skeleton_track" title="Igls bobsleigh, luge, and skeleton track">Igls</a>, which hosted bobsleigh and luge competitions for the <a href="1964_Winter_Olympics" title="1964 Winter Olympics">1964</a> and <a href="1976_Winter_Olympics" title="1976 Winter Olympics">1976 Winter Olympics</a> held in <a href="Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>. The <a href="2012_Winter_Youth_Olympics" title="2012 Winter Youth Olympics">first Winter Youth Olympics</a> in 2012 will be held in Innsbruck as well.<sup id="_ref-WYO2012_a" class="reference"><a href="#_note-WYO2012" title="">[77]</a></sup></p>
<p>{{clear}}</p>
<a id="See_also" name="See_also"/><h2>See also</h2>
<p>{{Main}}
{{multicol}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="Area_codes_in_Austria" title="Area codes in Austria">Area codes in Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrian_colonial_policy" title="Austrian colonial policy">Austrian colonial policy</a></li>
<li><a href="Euro_gold_and_silver_commemorative_coins_(Austria)" title="Euro gold and silver commemorative coins (Austria)">Austrian euro commemorative coins</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrian_folk_dance" title="Austrian folk dance">Austrian folk dance</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrian_German" title="Austrian German">Austrian German</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a></li>
<li><a href="Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian cuisine</a></li>
<li><a href="Education_in_Austria" title="Education in Austria">Education in Austria</a></li></ul>
<p>{{multicol-break}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="Federal_Investigation_Bureau_(Austria)" title="Federal Investigation Bureau (Austria)">Federal Investigation Bureau (Austria)</a></li>
<li><a href="Foreign_relations_of_Austria" title="Foreign relations of Austria">Foreign relations of Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Geography_of_Austria" title="Geography of Austria">Geography of Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Habsburg_Monarchy" title="Habsburg Monarchy">Habsburg Monarchy</a></li>
<li><a href="Index_of_Austria-related_articles" title="Index of Austria-related articles">Index of Austria-related articles</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Austria" title="List of cities and towns in Austria">List of cities and towns in Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Austria" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria">List of twin towns and sister cities in Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Media_in_Austria" title="Media in Austria">Media in Austria</a></li></ul>
<p>{{multicol-break}}
{{portal}}
{{portal}}
</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="Military_of_Austria" title="Military of Austria">Military of Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Pfadfinder_und_Pfadfinderinnen_%C3%96sterreichs" title="Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs">Pfadfinder und Pfadfinderinnen Österreichs</a></li>
<li><a href="Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Austria" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Austria">Postage stamps and postal history of Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Telecommunications in Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Tourism_in_Austria" title="Tourism in Austria">Tourism in Austria</a></li>
<li><a href="Transport_in_Austria" title="Transport in Austria">Transport in Austria</a></li></ul>
<p>{{multicol-end}}</p>
<a id="References" name="References"/><h2>References</h2>
<a id="Footnotes" name="Footnotes"/><h3>Footnotes</h3>
<p>{{reflist}}</p>
<a id="Bibliography" name="Bibliography"/><h3>Bibliography</h3>
<p>{{refbegin}}
</p>
<ul>
<li>{{Cite book}}</li>
<li>{{Cite book}}</li>
<li>{{Cite book}}</li>
<li>{{Cite book}}</li></ul>
<p>{{refend}}</p>
<a id="External_links" name="External_links"/><h2>External links</h2>
<p>{{sisterlinks}}
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Government</dt></dl>
<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?alias=english&amp;init&amp;init" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.bundeskanzleramt.at/DesktopDefault.aspx?alias=english&amp;init&amp;init">Federal Chancellery of Austria</a> <i>official government portal</i></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/" rel="nofollow" title="http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/">AEIOU Austria Albums</a> (in German, English)</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/austria.html" rel="nofollow" title="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-a/austria.html">Chief of State and Cabinet Members</a></li></ul>
<dl>
<dt>General information</dt></dl>
<ul>
<li>{{CIA World Factbook link}}</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44183/Austria">Austria</a> entry at <i><a href="Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/au/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.state.gov/p/eur/ci/au/">Austria</a> information from the <a href="United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/european/austria/au.html">Portals to the World</a> from the United States <a href="Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/austria.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/austria.htm">Austria</a> at <i>UCB Libraries GovPubs</i></li>
<li>{{dmoz}}</li></ul>
<p>{{wikiatlas}}
</p>
<dl>
<dt>Travel</dt></dl>
<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.austria.info/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.austria.info/">Austria.info</a> Official homepage of the Austrian National Tourist Office</li>
<li>{{wikitravel}}</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.austria.mu/" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.austria.mu/">Austria.mu</a> Homepage of the Austrian Museums</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.postrealism.com/austria.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.postrealism.com/austria.htm">TourMyCountry.com</a> Website on Austrian culture, cuisine and tourist attractions</li></ul>
<dl>
<dt>Other</dt></dl>
<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.austrianews.co.uk" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.austrianews.co.uk">Austria News</a> News from Austria ({{english}})</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.rechtsfreund.at/law-austria.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.rechtsfreund.at/law-austria.htm">Austrian Law</a> Information on Austrian Law</li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ipworldwide/pdf/at.pdf" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.wipo.int/about-ip/en/ipworldwide/pdf/at.pdf">World Intellectual Property Handbook: Austria</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Austria:_Primary_Documents" rel="nofollow" title="http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Austria:_Primary_Documents">History of Austria: Primary Documents</a> from <i>EuroDocs</i></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Subject_Guides/PDFs/Austria.pdf" rel="nofollow" title="http://eisenhower.archives.gov/Research/Subject_Guides/PDFs/Austria.pdf">Guide to materials pertaining to Austria, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library</a></li></ul>
<dl>
<dt>Photos</dt></dl>
<ul>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.citypictures.org/k-europe-148-austria-192.htm" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.citypictures.org/k-europe-148-austria-192.htm">Austria Pictures</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/austria/photos" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.europepictures.gm/europe/austria/photos">Europe Pictures - Austria</a></li>
<li><a class="externallink" href="http://www.butkaj.com/visit/vienna" rel="nofollow" title="http://www.butkaj.com/visit/vienna">Photos of Vienna city, the capital of Austria</a></li></ul>

<p>{{Austria topics}}
{{Template group}}
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</p>
<p>{{Link FA}}
{{Link FA}}</p>
<p><a href="Ace:Austria" title="ace:Austria">ace:Austria</a>
<a href="http://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenryk">af:Oostenryk</a>
<a href="http://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich">als:Österreich</a>
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<a href="http://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">an:Austria</a>
<a href="http://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A2%DC%A1%DC%A3%DC%90">arc:ܢܡܣܐ</a>
<a href="http://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">roa-rup:Austria</a>
<a href="Frp:%C3%94trich%C2%B7e" title="frp:Ôtrich·e">frp:Ôtrich·e</a>
<a href="http://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ast:Austria</a>
<a href="http://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstriya">az:Avstriya</a>
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<a href="http://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang-kok">zh-min-nan:Tang-kok</a>
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<a href="http://be-x-old.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F">be-x-old:Аўстрыя</a>
<a href="Bcl:Austriya" title="bcl:Austriya">bcl:Austriya</a>
<a href="Bar:%C3%96stareich" title="bar:Östareich">bar:Östareich</a>
<a href="http://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BE%B3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D">bo:ཨོ་ཏི་ཀླི།</a>
<a href="http://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija">bs:Austrija</a>
<a href="http://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostria">br:Aostria</a>
<a href="http://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">bg:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria">ca:Àustria</a>
<a href="http://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8">cv:Австри</a>
<a href="Ceb:Awstriya" title="ceb:Awstriya">ceb:Awstriya</a>
<a href="http://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakousko">cs:Rakousko</a>
<a href="http://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">co:Austria</a>
<a href="http://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstria">cy:Awstria</a>
<a href="http://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98strig">da:Østrig</a>
<a href="Pdc:Eestereich" title="pdc:Eestereich">pdc:Eestereich</a>
<a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterreich">de:Österreich</a>
<a href="http://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AE%DE%90%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7">dv:އޮސްޓުރިއާ</a>
<a href="http://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B3swiya">nv:Óóswiya</a>
<a href="Dsb:Awstriska" title="dsb:Awstriska">dsb:Awstriska</a>
<a href="http://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8A%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1">dz:ཨས་ཊི་ཡ</a>
<a href="http://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">et:Austria</a>
<a href="http://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1">el:Αυστρία</a>
<a href="http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">es:Austria</a>
<a href="http://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstrio">eo:Aŭstrio</a>
<a href="Ext:%C3%81ustria" title="ext:Áustria">ext:Áustria</a>
<a href="http://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">eu:Austria</a>
<a href="http://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ee:Austria</a>
<a href="http://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B4">fa:اتریش</a>
<a href="Hif:Austria" title="hif:Austria">hif:Austria</a>
<a href="http://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eysturr%C3%ADki">fo:Eysturríki</a>
<a href="http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche">fr:Autriche</a>
<a href="http://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastenryk">fy:Eastenryk</a>
<a href="http://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrie">fur:Austrie</a>
<a href="http://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ostair">ga:An Ostair</a>
<a href="http://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Austeyr">gv:Yn Austeyr</a>
<a href="http://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ostair">gd:An Ostair</a>
<a href="http://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria_-_%C3%96sterreich">gl:Austria - Österreich</a>
<a href="http://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%91%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE">gu:ઑસ્ટ્રિયા</a>
<a href="Hak:O-thi-li" title="hak:O-thi-li">hak:O-thi-li</a>
<a href="Xal:%D3%A8%D3%A9%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D1%80%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%82%D0%B3" title="xal:Өөстрмудн Орн Нутг">xal:Өөстрмудн Орн Нутг</a>
<a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84">ko:오스트리아</a>
<a href="http://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%80%98Aukekulia">haw:‘Aukekulia</a>
<a href="http://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1">hy:Ավստրիա</a>
<a href="http://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE">hi:ऑस्ट्रिया</a>
<a href="Hsb:Awstriska" title="hsb:Awstriska">hsb:Awstriska</a>
<a href="http://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija">hr:Austrija</a>
<a href="http://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">io:Austria</a>
<a href="Ilo:Austria" title="ilo:Austria">ilo:Austria</a>
<a href="Bpy:%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="bpy:অস্ট্রিয়া">bpy:অস্ট্রিয়া</a>
<a href="http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">id:Austria</a>
<a href="http://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ia:Austria</a>
<a href="http://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ie:Austria</a>
<a href="http://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8">os:Австри</a>
<a href="http://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IAustriyiya">zu:IAustriyiya</a>
<a href="http://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austurr%C3%ADki">is:Austurríki</a>
<a href="http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">it:Austria</a>
<a href="http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94">he:אוסטריה</a>
<a href="http://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">jv:Austria</a>
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<a href="Pam:Austria" title="pam:Austria">pam:Austria</a>
<a href="http://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90">ka:ავსტრია</a>
<a href="http://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B9str%C3%ABjack%C3%B4">csb:Aùstrëjackô</a>
<a href="http://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">kk:Аустрия</a>
<a href="http://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrych">kw:Estrych</a>
<a href="http://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">ky:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">sw:Austria</a>
<a href="http://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">kv:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autriche">kg:Autriche</a>
<a href="http://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrich">ht:Otrich</a>
<a href="http://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awistriya">ku:Awistriya</a>
<a href="Lad:%D7%90%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="lad:אאוסטריה">lad:אאוסטריה</a>
<a href="http://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">la:Austria</a>
<a href="http://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija">lv:Austrija</a>
<a href="http://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89istr%C3%A4ich">lb:Éisträich</a>
<a href="http://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija">lt:Austrija</a>
<a href="Lij:Austria" title="lij:Austria">lij:Austria</a>
<a href="http://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oosteriek">li:Oosteriek</a>
<a href="http://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otrish">ln:Otrish</a>
<a href="http://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/osteraix">jbo:osteraix</a>
<a href="Lmo:Austria" title="lmo:Austria">lmo:Austria</a>
<a href="http://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztria">hu:Ausztria</a>
<a href="http://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0">mk:Австрија</a>
<a href="http://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aotrisy">mg:Aotrisy</a>
<a href="http://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF">ml:ഓസ്ട്രിയ</a>
<a href="http://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstrija">mt:Awstrija</a>
<a href="http://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE">mr:ऑस्ट्रिया</a>
<a href="Arz:%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%A7" title="arz:النمسا">arz:النمسا</a>
<a href="http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ms:Austria</a>
<a href="Mdf:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="mdf:Австрия">mdf:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8">mn:Австри</a>
<a href="http://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">nah:Austria</a>
<a href="http://na.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">na:Austria</a>
<a href="http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oostenrijk">nl:Oostenrijk</a>
<a href="Nds-nl:Oostnriek" title="nds-nl:Oostnriek">nds-nl:Oostnriek</a>
<a href="http://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE">ne:अष्ट्रीया</a>
<a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2">ja:オーストリア</a>
<a href="http://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8">ce:Австри</a>
<a href="Pih:Ostriya" title="pih:Ostriya">pih:Ostriya</a>
<a href="http://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98sterrike">no:Østerrike</a>
<a href="http://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austerrike">nn:Austerrike</a>
<a href="Nrm:Autriche" title="nrm:Autriche">nrm:Autriche</a>
<a href="Nov:Austria" title="nov:Austria">nov:Austria</a>
<a href="http://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria">oc:Àustria</a>
<a href="Mhr:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="mhr:Австрий">mhr:Австрий</a>
<a href="http://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstria">uz:Avstria</a>
<a href="http://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86">pa:ਆਸਟਰੀਆ</a>
<a href="Pag:Austria" title="pag:Austria">pag:Austria</a>
<a href="Pnb:%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="pnb:آسٹریا">pnb:آسٹریا</a>
<a href="http://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4">ps:اطريش</a>
<a href="Pms:%C3%80ustria" title="pms:Àustria">pms:Àustria</a>
<a href="http://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostria">tpi:Ostria</a>
<a href="http://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96%C3%B6sterriek">nds:Öösterriek</a>
<a href="http://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">pl:Austria</a>
<a href="Pnt:%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="pnt:Αυστρία">pnt:Αυστρία</a>
<a href="http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ustria">pt:Áustria</a>
<a href="Crh:Avstriya" title="crh:Avstriya">crh:Avstriya</a>
<a href="Ksh:%C3%96%C3%9Ftrish" title="ksh:Ößtrish">ksh:Ößtrish</a>
<a href="http://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">ro:Austria</a>
<a href="http://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">rm:Austria</a>
<a href="http://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstiriya">qu:Awstiriya</a>
<a href="http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">ru:Австрия</a>
<a href="Sah:%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="sah:Аустрия">sah:Аустрия</a>
<a href="http://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuortariika">se:Nuortariika</a>
<a href="http://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE">sa:आस्ट्रिया</a>
<a href="http://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80ustria">sc:Àustria</a>
<a href="Sco:Austrick" title="sco:Austrick">sco:Austrick</a>
<a href="Stq:Aastriek" title="stq:Aastriek">stq:Aastriek</a>
<a href="http://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">sq:Austria</a>
<a href="http://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">scn:Austria</a>
<a href="http://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">simple:Austria</a>
<a href="http://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%BAsko">sk:Rakúsko</a>
<a href="Cu:%D0%90%D1%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%CC%81%EA%99%97" title="cu:Аѵстрі́ꙗ">cu:Аѵстрі́ꙗ</a>
<a href="http://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstrija">sl:Avstrija</a>
<a href="Szl:Austrijo" title="szl:Austrijo">szl:Austrijo</a>
<a href="http://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0">sr:Аустрија</a>
<a href="http://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrija">sh:Austrija</a>
<a href="http://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C3%A4valta">fi:Itävalta</a>
<a href="http://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96sterrike">sv:Österrike</a>
<a href="http://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria">tl:Austria</a>
<a href="http://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE">ta:ஆஸ்திரியா</a>
<a href="http://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">tt:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE">te:ఆస్ట్రియా</a>
<a href="Tet:%C3%81ustria" title="tet:Áustria">tet:Áustria</a>
<a href="http://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2">th:ประเทศออสเตรีย</a>
<a href="http://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F">tg:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avusturya">tr:Avusturya</a>
<a href="http://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstri%C3%BDa">tk:Awstriýa</a>
<a href="Udm:%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="udm:Австрия">udm:Австрия</a>
<a href="http://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F">uk:Австрія</a>
<a href="http://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7">ur:آسٹریا</a>
<a href="http://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%DB%8B%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95">ug:ئاۋستىرىيە</a>
<a href="Vec:Austria" title="vec:Austria">vec:Austria</a>
<a href="http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81o">vi:Áo</a>
<a href="http://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B6ster%C3%A4n">vo:Lösterän</a>
<a href="Fiu-vro:Austria" title="fiu-vro:Austria">fiu-vro:Austria</a>
<a href="Zh-classical:%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="zh-classical:奧地利">zh-classical:奧地利</a>
<a href="http://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ostnryk">vls:Ôostnryk</a>
<a href="War:Austrya" title="war:Austrya">war:Austrya</a>
<a href="http://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otris">wo:Otris</a>
<a href="Wuu:%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="wuu:奥地利">wuu:奥地利</a>
<a href="http://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9A">yi:עסטרייך</a>
<a href="http://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostria">yo:Ostria</a>
<a href="Zh-yue:%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9" title="zh-yue:奧地利">zh-yue:奧地利</a>
<a href="Diq:Aw%C4%B1st%C4%B1rya" title="diq:Awıstırya">diq:Awıstırya</a>
<a href="Bat-smg:Austr%C4%97j%C4%97" title="bat-smg:Austrėjė">bat-smg:Austrėjė</a>
<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%9C%B0%E5%88%A9">zh:奥地利</a></p></text>
    </revision>
  </page>